Extensive pedigrees reveal the social organization of a Neolithic community.

Social anthropology and ethnographic studies have described kinship systems and networks of contact and exchange in extant populations1-4. However, for prehistoric societies, these systems can be studied only indirectly from biological and cultural remains. Stable isotope data, sex and age at death can provide insights into the demographic structure of a burial community and identify local versus non-local childhood signatures, archaeogenetic data can reconstruct the biological relationships between individuals, which enables the reconstruction of pedigrees, and combined evidence informs on kinship practices and residence patterns in prehistoric societies. Here we report ancient DNA, strontium isotope and contextual data from more than 100 individuals from the site Gurgy 'les Noisats' (France), dated to the western European Neolithic around 4850-4500 BC. We find that this burial community was genetically connected by two main pedigrees, spanning seven generations, that were patrilocal and patrilineal, with evidence for female exogamy and exchange with genetically close neighbouring groups. The microdemographic structure of individuals linked and unlinked to the pedigrees reveals additional information about the social structure, living conditions and site occupation. The absence of half-siblings and the high number of adult full siblings suggest that there were stable health conditions and a supportive social network, facilitating high fertility and low mortality5. Age-structure differences and strontium isotope results by generation indicate that the site was used for just a few decades, providing new insights into shifting sedentary farming practices during the European Neolithic.

La asistencia social en el cardenismo / Social assistance during the cardenismo

Se hace un análisis histórico general del desarrollo y la evolución de la asistencia social, la cual pasa de la caridad y limosna cristiana a la beneficiencia pública, hasta arribar a una concepción política, social y económica de la asistencia. Se señala la forma y los medios bajo y con que se proporcionaba asistencia social, así como las condiciones económicas, sociales e ideológicas que propician la transformación de la concepción de la asistencia social, haciéndose hincapié en el movimiento de Independencia; la promulgación de las Leyes de Reforma y la Revolución Mexicana. Todo lo cual culmina en 1937 con la creación de la Secretaría de la Asistencia Pública, con lo cual se legitima la obligatoriedad del Estado de intervenir en favor de los débiles sociales, emanada de la ley de la beneficiencia. La concepción de la asistencia dejó atrás los conceptos de caridad y beneficiencia, ahora se ha erigido en un derecho a ser asistido, por un lado, y, por otro, en obligación del Estado de proporcionar ayuda y preparación y posibilidades para el trabajo productivo